Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Spirituality Research in Health Sciences 3041-8569 4 1 2026 04 04 Identifying the components of spiritual and psychological health in third- and fourth-century islamic medical Texts: A documentary analysis of Firdaws al-Hikmah, Al-Hawi, and Kamil al-Sina'ah al-Tibbiyah 20 27 10.34172/srhs.2026.003 EN Alireza Bagherzadeh Karimi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8937-2577 Mohammadreza Rasouli https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8936-4203 Mostafa Araj-khodaei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2590-8467 Reza Mohammadinasab https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-7390 Journal Article 10.34172/srhs.2026.003 2026 07 18 2026 10 27 Background. Spiritual health has become a major focus in contemporary health sciences. However, the relationship between modern concepts of spiritual health and the foundations of Islamic medicine has received limited systematic investigation. This study examines three major medical texts from the third and fourth centuries AH—Firdaws al-Ḥikmah fī al-Ṭibb, al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb, and Kāmil al-Ṣināʿah al-Ṭibbiyyah—to identify the components of psychological and spiritual health and to explain them within the medico-philosophical anthropology of these works. Methods.This qualitative study employed a directed content analysis approach. Initial conceptual domains, including the soul and spirit (nafs and rūḥ), intellect, heart, emotional and moral states, suffering and meaning, hope and despair, and self-governance, were identified based on contemporary literature on spiritual health. The Arabic texts were then purposively examined using relevant keywords. Extracted passages were coded, analyzed, and synthesized to reconstruct an integrated model of psychological and spiritual health. Results.The findings indicate that human health is conceptualized as a hierarchical continuum: balance of temperament and humors, bodily health, health of the natural and animal faculties, health of the rational soul, and finally sound intellect with moral and spiritual orientation. Within this framework, the nafs is distinguished from the rūḥ, while the heart, brain, and liver/spleen function as principal organs linking the body and the soul. Conditions such as fear, panic, anxiety, grief, melancholy, hopelessness, and impurity of the soul are understood as simultaneously physical, psychological, and moral phenomena. In contrast, emotional balance, hope, justice, generosity, knowledge, purity of the soul, and trust in reason constitute the core elements of psychological and spiritual health. Therapeutic approaches combine regulation of temperament, lifestyle modification, moderate sensory pleasures, and moral cultivation. Conclusion. In Islamic medicine of the third and fourth centuries AH, spiritual health is not regarded as a domain separate from the body but as an integrated state of psychological, moral, bodily, and intellectual well-being. This conceptual model, emphasizing the unity of body, soul, and intellect together with moral virtues, may provide a valuable theoretical foundation for developing holistic and culturally grounded models of spiritual health in contemporary health sciences.